VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein) Test: Meaning, Normal Range, Causes, Symptoms, and Complete Guide
What is VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein)?
VLDL stands for Very Low-Density Lipoprotein, which is one of the major cholesterol-carrying particles in the bloodstream. It is often referred to as a form of “bad cholesterol” because high levels can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and blood vessel damage. Although LDL is widely known as the main harmful cholesterol, VLDL also plays a significant role in plaque buildup inside the arteries.
VLDL mainly transports triglycerides — a type of fat made from excess calories, sugar, carbohydrates, and alcohol. When triglyceride levels rise, VLDL levels also increase. This relationship makes VLDL an important indicator of metabolic health and cardiovascular risk.
Because VLDL contributes to atherosclerosis, it is an important value in a lipid profile. Even though VLDL is essential in small amounts, excessive levels lead to fat accumulation inside arteries, causing narrowing and poor blood circulation.
Where is VLDL Produced in the Body?
VLDL is produced primarily in the liver. The liver combines triglycerides, cholesterol, and proteins to form VLDL particles. These particles are then released into the bloodstream to perform their job of transporting fats.
VLDL belongs to the family of five major lipoproteins: VLDL, LDL, HDL, IDL, and chylomicrons. Among these, VLDL and LDL are considered harmful when present in high quantities.
After entering the bloodstream, VLDL undergoes a conversion cycle:
VLDL delivers triglycerides to muscle and fat tissues.
After releasing most of its triglycerides, VLDL becomes IDL (Intermediate-Density Lipoprotein).
IDL is further converted into LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein).
This conversion explains why high VLDL levels are linked to high LDL and why both increase cardiovascular risks.
Functions and Importance of VLDL
Although VLDL is labeled “bad,” the body relies on it for several essential functions. It has a crucial role in energy transport and metabolism.
Transport of Triglycerides
VLDL carries triglycerides from the liver to various tissues. These triglycerides serve as an energy source when the body needs fuel between meals or during physical activity.
Energy Storage Support
Any excess calories consumed are stored in the form of triglycerides. VLDL helps distribute these stored fats to muscles when energy demand increases.
Role in Fat Metabolism
VLDL participates in the body’s lipid management cycle. It helps process dietary fats, store them when required, and release them when energy is needed.
Conversion into LDL
As VLDL loses triglycerides, it transforms into LDL cholesterol. LDL then carries cholesterol to the cells for structural and hormonal functions.
While VLDL supports energy balance, excessive amounts can gradually damage arteries.
Causes of Low VLDL Levels
Low VLDL levels are uncommon and are rarely a health concern. In most cases, low VLDL is simply a sign of healthy lipid metabolism. However, certain conditions may lead to reduced VLDL production.
Possible causes include:
Malnutrition or a very low-fat diet
Chronic liver disease that impairs lipoprotein production
Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid increasing metabolism)
Genetic disorders affecting fat absorption
Cholesterol-lowering medications, including statins and fibrates
Severe long-term illness leading to poor nutrient intake
Symptoms of Low VLDL
Low VLDL usually does not cause noticeable symptoms. If extremely low values occur due to genetic disorders, symptoms may include:
Difficulty absorbing dietary fats
Deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
Weakness or fatigue
Muscle-related weakness
Neurological problems (rare and mostly in severe genetic conditions)
Causes of High VLDL Levels
High VLDL is far more common than low VLDL and is usually associated with metabolic or lifestyle factors. Elevated VLDL typically indicates high triglycerides, which significantly increase the risk of heart and metabolic diseases.
Common causes of high VLDL include:
Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Obesity or excess abdominal fat
Sedentary lifestyle with little physical activity
High intake of sugar, refined carbohydrates, or alcohol
Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)
Kidney disease or nephrotic syndrome
Liver disease such as fatty liver
Metabolic syndrome (a combination of obesity, high blood pressure, high sugar, and abnormal cholesterol)
Genetic lipid disorders
Certain medications such as steroids, beta-blockers, or oral contraceptives
Because VLDL is closely linked to triglycerides, anything that raises triglycerides will also raise VLDL.
Symptoms of High VLDL
High VLDL does not cause direct symptoms. Instead, the symptoms result from long-term effects of high triglycerides and plaque buildup.
Possible symptoms or complications include:
Atherosclerosis (narrowing of arteries)
Chest pain or angina due to reduced blood flow
Heart attack from blocked coronary arteries
Stroke from reduced blood supply to the brain
Fatty liver disease
Pancreatitis when triglycerides are extremely high (often above 500 mg/dL)
Leg pain while walking due to poor circulation
Because these symptoms appear late, testing VLDL early helps prevent complications.
Reference Range (Normal Values)
VLDL is usually calculated from triglycerides, using the formula:
VLDL = Triglycerides ÷ 5
(This calculation is valid only if fasting triglycerides < 400 mg/dL)
Commonly accepted reference ranges:
2–30 mg/dL – Normal
Above 30 mg/dL – High and linked to increased cardiovascular risk
High VLDL often indicates high triglycerides, making both important for health assessment.
Sample Type
Sample Type: Serum
Tube Used: Red Top (Plain Tube)
VLDL is part of the standard fasting lipid profile.
Test Preparation
To ensure accurate test results, preparation is important:
Fast for 9–12 hours before the test (water is permitted).
Avoid alcohol for at least 24 hours beforehand.
Avoid high-fat or sugary meals the day before.
Continue regular exercise and diet habits before testing.
Inform your doctor about medications that affect cholesterol or triglycerides.
When to Consult a Doctor
You should speak with a doctor if:
Your VLDL level is above 30 mg/dL
You have other abnormal lipid test results
You are overweight, diabetic, or have high blood pressure
You experience symptoms like chest pain, dizziness, or shortness of breath
You have a family history of heart disease or early heart attacks
You notice signs of fatty liver or metabolic syndrome
Your triglycerides are persistently above 150 mg/dL
Doctors may suggest lifestyle changes, medications, or further testing based on your risk level.
Important Word Explanations
Lipoprotein
A combination of fats and proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides through the bloodstream.
Triglycerides
A type of fat made from excess calories, stored in fat cells and used as energy.
Atherosclerosis
A condition where fats, cholesterol, and plaque build up inside arteries.
IDL
Intermediate-Density Lipoprotein formed during the conversion of VLDL to LDL.
Metabolic Syndrome
A group of conditions such as obesity, high blood sugar, high blood pressure, and abnormal cholesterol increasing the risk of heart disease.
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