Immunology & Antibodies
This category covers laboratory investigations related to the immune system and antibody responses. Articles explain what each test measures, why it is ordered, and how results are interpreted. Topics include antibody tests for infections, autoimmune disease markers (ANA, RF, anti-CCP), allergy testing (IgE panels), immunodeficiency evaluations, and vaccine response assessments. Each guide details the purpose, sample type, reference ranges, and clinical relevance, making it easier for patients, students, and healthcare professionals to understand how immunology and antibody testing supports diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment decisions.
Centromere IgG Antibody Test – Purpose, Procedure, and Results Explained
The Centromere IgG Antibody Test detects antibodies against centromere proteins, helping diagnose autoimmune diseases like CREST syndrome. Learn about its...
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CD8 (Cytotoxic T-Cells) Test – Purpose, Normal Range, and Results
The CD8 (Cytotoxic T-Cells) Test measures the number of killer T-cells in the blood. It helps assess immune strength, detect...
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Anti-dsDNA Test: Purpose, Levels, Symptoms & Complete Lupus Guide
Anti-dsDNA Test explained: purpose, lupus diagnosis, high vs low levels, kidney involvement, symptoms, interpretation, and complete autoimmune overview.
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Intrinsic Factor Antibody Test: B12 Deficiency, Causes & Results
Intrinsic Factor Antibody Test detects autoimmune causes of vitamin B12 deficiency. Learn symptoms, causes, ranges, positive/negative meanings, and clinical importance.
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C1 Esterase Inhibitor Test – Purpose, Normal Range, and Results
The C1 Esterase Inhibitor (C1-INH) Test checks the blood level and activity of a key protein that regulates swelling and...
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IgM Test – High & Low Levels, Causes, Symptoms & Complete Guide
Learn about the IgM test, its functions, reference ranges, causes of high or low IgM levels, symptoms, and when to...
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IgG Test – High & Low Levels, Functions, Symptoms & Full Guide
The IgG test measures Immunoglobulin G levels to diagnose immune disorders, infections, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammation. Learn reference ranges...
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Anti-Streptolysin O (ASO) Test – Meaning, High Levels, and Normal Range
The Anti-Streptolysin O (ASO) Test detects antibodies formed after Streptococcus infection. Learn about causes, symptoms, normal range, and medical importance.
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Anti-Phospholipid Antibody (APA) Test – Purpose, Normal Range, and Results
Learn about the Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Test – purpose, causes of high and low levels, normal range, and its role in...
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IgA Test – Low & High Levels, Symptoms, Functions & Complete Guide
Learn about the Immunoglobulin A (IgA) test, its functions, causes of low or high levels, symptoms, reference ranges, and when...
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Anti–Hepatitis E Virus (HEV IgG) Antibody Test – Purpose, Procedure, and Normal Range
The Anti–Hepatitis E Virus (HEV IgG) Antibody Test detects immunity developed after Hepatitis E infection. It helps confirm past infection,...
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CD4 (Helper T-Cells) Test – Purpose, Normal Range, and Results
The CD4 (Helper T-Cells) Test measures the number of CD4 immune cells in the blood. It helps assess immune strength...
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